Strategies and Policies for the Development of Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Iran

Document Type : Review Paper

Authors

1 Hydraulic Department, Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

2 Water and wastewater Research Center, Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

3 Water and wastewater Research Center, Water Research Institute

Abstract

Designing and promoting innovative methods with up-to-date and localized technical solutions can be helpful in efficient management of the wastewater treatment industry and achievement of sustainable development. Despite this, prevailing laws and policies are sometimes ineffective or do not support the desired results. Therefore, the preparation of an upstream strategic document by taking into account the opportunities and challenges, particularly in the field of wastewater treatment technology development, can identify gaps and take measures to resolve them in order to refer the necessary measures to the relevant agencies. In this research, in addition to the future studies on the development of wastewater treatment technologies, vision and quantitative indicators for the next twenty years were determined. Accordingly, the opinions of 58 managers of the country's water and wastewater department, industry experts and university professors were used through the meetings of the technical and steering committee. The basis for formulating the actions and policies required in this research is the Technological Innovation System (TIS) based on components for the development, dissemination and exploitation of technology. In this research, while enumerating the challenges of the development of wastewater technology in the country, the relevant policies have been explained.

Keywords

شرکت مهندسی آب و فاضلاب کشور، (1398)، سالنامه آماری سال 1398صنعت آب و فاضلاب - بخش شهری، دفتر برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه معاونت برنامه‌ریزی و امور اقتصادی، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://www.nww.ir/statistics-and-information.

شرکت مهندسی آب و فاضلاب کشور، (1398)، سالنامه آماری سال 1398 صنعت آب و فاضلاب - بخش روستایی، دفتر برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه معاونت برنامه‌ریزی و امور اقتصادی، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://www.nww.ir/statistics-and-information.

سازمان حفاظت از محیط زیست، (1373)، استانداردهای خروجی فاضلاب به استناد ماده 5 آیین‌نامه جلوگیری از آلودگی آب، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://wsm.doe.ir/portal/home/?114886/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8

شرکت مهندسی آب و فاضلاب کشور، (1397)، برنامه تفصیلی بخش آب و آبفا جهت ارائه به کمیسیون عمران مجلس شورای اسلامی، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://www.moe.gov.ir/Rules_and_Regulations_Issue/Water_and_Wastewater?page=3

مرکز آمار ایران، (1399)، ویژگی‎های جمعیتی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی کلان شهرها براساس سرشماری سال‌های ۱۳۹۰و ۱۳۹۵، انتشارات مرکز آمار ایران، 142 صفحه.

 Act, Environmental Protection, (2002). Standards for effluent discharge regulations, General Notice No. 44 of 2003.

Angelakis, A.N., and Snyder, S.A., (2015), “Wastewater treatment and reuse: Past, present, and future”, Water 7(9), 4887-4895.

Arslan-Alaton, I., Tanik, A., Ovez, S., Iskender, G., Gurel, M., and Orhon, D., (2007), “Reuse potential of urban wastewater treatment plant effluents in Turkey: A case study on selected plants”, Desalination, 215(1-3), 159-165.

Dalahmeh, S., and Baresel, Ch., (2014), Reclaimed wastewater use alternatives and quality standards, From Global to Country Perspective: Spain Versus Abu Dhabi Emirate, IVL Rapport C 24, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, pp. 11-29.

Hekkert, M.P., and Negro, S.O., (2009), “Functions of innovation systems as a framework to understand sustainable technological change: Empirical evidence for earlier claims”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(4), 584-594.

Lu, X., Zhou, B., Vogt, R.D., Seip, H. M., Xin, Z., and Ekengren, Ö., (2016), “Rethinking China’s water policy: The worst water quality despite the most stringent standards”, Water International, 41(7), 1044-1048.

Margane, A., and Steinel, A., (2011), Special Report No. 4: Proposed national standard for treated domestic wastewater reuse for irrigation, German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring.

Nayeb, H., Mirabi, M., Motiee, H., Alighardashi, A., and Khoshgard, A., (2019), “Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from Iran's domestic wastewater sector and modeling the emission scenarios by 2030”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 236(1), 117673.

Neczaj, E., and Grosser, A., (2018), “Circular economy in wastewater treatment plant: Challenges and barriers”, Proceedings, 2(11), 614.

Negro, S.O., Suurs, R.A., and Hekkert, M.P., (2008), “The bumpy road of biomass gasification in the Netherlands: Explaining the rise and fall of an emerging innovation system”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75(1), 57-77.

Reardon, R., Davel, J., Baune, D., McDonald, S., Appleton, R., and Gillette, R., (2013), “Wastewater treatment plants of the future: Current trends shape future plans”, Florida Water Resources Journal, 1(5), 8-14.

Roeleveld, P., Roorda, J., and Schaafsma, M., (2010), NEWs, the Dutch roadmap for the WWTP of 2030, Publisher:  Amersfoort: STOWA.

Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., and Van Asselt, M., (2001), “More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy”, Foresight, 3(1), 15-31.

Suurs, R.A., Hekkert, M.P., Kieboom, S., and Smits, R.E., (2010), “Understanding the formative stage of technological innovation system development: The case of natural gas as an automotive fuel”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 419-431.

Tong, T., and Elimelech, M., (2016), “The global rise of zero liquid discharge for wastewater management: Drivers, technologies, and future directions”, Environmental Science and Technology, 50(13), 6846-6855.

Ullah, A., Hussain, S., Wasim, A., and Jahanzaib, M., (2020), “Development of a decision support system for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies”, Science of The Total Environment, 731, 139158.

Zhang, Q.H., Yang, W.N., Ngo, H.H., Guo, W.S., Jin, P.K., Mawuli Dzakpasu, S.J. Yang, Qian Wang, X.C. Wang, and Dong Ao., (2016), “Current status of urban wastewater treatment plants in China”, Environment International, 92, 11-22.

Zhou, Y., Duan, N., Wu, X., and Fang, H., (2018), “COD discharge limits for urban wastewater treatment plants in China based on statistical methods”, Water, 10(6), 777.

References

شرکت مهندسی آب و فاضلاب کشور، (1398)، سالنامه آماری سال 1398صنعت آب و فاضلاب - بخش شهری، دفتر برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه معاونت برنامه‌ریزی و امور اقتصادی، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://www.nww.ir/statistics-and-information.
شرکت مهندسی آب و فاضلاب کشور، (1398)، سالنامه آماری سال 1398 صنعت آب و فاضلاب - بخش روستایی، دفتر برنامه‌ریزی و بودجه معاونت برنامه‌ریزی و امور اقتصادی، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://www.nww.ir/statistics-and-information.
سازمان حفاظت از محیط زیست، (1373)، استانداردهای خروجی فاضلاب به استناد ماده 5 آیین‌نامه جلوگیری از آلودگی آب، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://wsm.doe.ir/portal/home/?114886/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8
شرکت مهندسی آب و فاضلاب کشور، (1397)، برنامه تفصیلی بخش آب و آبفا جهت ارائه به کمیسیون عمران مجلس شورای اسلامی، Viewed 3 Jan 2022, https://www.moe.gov.ir/Rules_and_Regulations_Issue/Water_and_Wastewater?page=3
مرکز آمار ایران، (1399)، ویژگی‎های جمعیتی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی کلان شهرها براساس سرشماری سال‌های ۱۳۹۰و ۱۳۹۵، انتشارات مرکز آمار ایران، 142 صفحه.
 Act, Environmental Protection, (2002). Standards for effluent discharge regulations, General Notice No. 44 of 2003.
Angelakis, A.N., and Snyder, S.A., (2015), “Wastewater treatment and reuse: Past, present, and future”, Water 7(9), 4887-4895.
Arslan-Alaton, I., Tanik, A., Ovez, S., Iskender, G., Gurel, M., and Orhon, D., (2007), “Reuse potential of urban wastewater treatment plant effluents in Turkey: A case study on selected plants”, Desalination, 215(1-3), 159-165.
Dalahmeh, S., and Baresel, Ch., (2014), Reclaimed wastewater use alternatives and quality standards, From Global to Country Perspective: Spain Versus Abu Dhabi Emirate, IVL Rapport C 24, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, pp. 11-29.
Hekkert, M.P., and Negro, S.O., (2009), “Functions of innovation systems as a framework to understand sustainable technological change: Empirical evidence for earlier claims”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(4), 584-594.
Lu, X., Zhou, B., Vogt, R.D., Seip, H. M., Xin, Z., and Ekengren, Ö., (2016), “Rethinking China’s water policy: The worst water quality despite the most stringent standards”, Water International, 41(7), 1044-1048.
Margane, A., and Steinel, A., (2011), Special Report No. 4: Proposed national standard for treated domestic wastewater reuse for irrigation, German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation Project Protection of Jeita Spring.
Nayeb, H., Mirabi, M., Motiee, H., Alighardashi, A., and Khoshgard, A., (2019), “Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from Iran's domestic wastewater sector and modeling the emission scenarios by 2030”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 236(1), 117673.
Neczaj, E., and Grosser, A., (2018), “Circular economy in wastewater treatment plant: Challenges and barriers”, Proceedings, 2(11), 614.
Negro, S.O., Suurs, R.A., and Hekkert, M.P., (2008), “The bumpy road of biomass gasification in the Netherlands: Explaining the rise and fall of an emerging innovation system”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75(1), 57-77.
Reardon, R., Davel, J., Baune, D., McDonald, S., Appleton, R., and Gillette, R., (2013), “Wastewater treatment plants of the future: Current trends shape future plans”, Florida Water Resources Journal, 1(5), 8-14.
Roeleveld, P., Roorda, J., and Schaafsma, M., (2010), NEWs, the Dutch roadmap for the WWTP of 2030, Publisher:  Amersfoort: STOWA.
Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., and Van Asselt, M., (2001), “More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy”, Foresight, 3(1), 15-31.
Suurs, R.A., Hekkert, M.P., Kieboom, S., and Smits, R.E., (2010), “Understanding the formative stage of technological innovation system development: The case of natural gas as an automotive fuel”, Energy Policy, 38(1), 419-431.
Tong, T., and Elimelech, M., (2016), “The global rise of zero liquid discharge for wastewater management: Drivers, technologies, and future directions”, Environmental Science and Technology, 50(13), 6846-6855.
Ullah, A., Hussain, S., Wasim, A., and Jahanzaib, M., (2020), “Development of a decision support system for the selection of wastewater treatment technologies”, Science of The Total Environment, 731, 139158.
Zhang, Q.H., Yang, W.N., Ngo, H.H., Guo, W.S., Jin, P.K., Mawuli Dzakpasu, S.J. Yang, Qian Wang, X.C. Wang, and Dong Ao., (2016), “Current status of urban wastewater treatment plants in China”, Environment International, 92, 11-22.
Zhou, Y., Duan, N., Wu, X., and Fang, H., (2018), “COD discharge limits for urban wastewater treatment plants in China based on statistical methods”, Water, 10(6), 777.
Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering
Volume 6, Issue 4
January 2022
Pages 4-14

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History

  • Receive Date: 20 February 2021
  • Revise Date: 07 July 2021
  • Accept Date: 31 July 2021

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