آنتی بیوتیک‎ها و مقاومت آنتی‎بیوتیکی در منابع آب و فاضلاب

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 مرکز تحقیقات آلاینده های محیطی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، قم، ایران.

2 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خوی، خوی، ایران

3 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خوی، خوی، ایران.

4 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت،دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، ایران، تهران

چکیده

آنتی‎بیوتیک­ها مبتنی بر اهداف درمانی انسانی، حیوانی و بهبود رشد درکشاورزی، تولید و  به‎صورت وسیع مورد استفاده قرار می­گیرند. علی‎رغم تاثیرات مثبت، مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیکی به یکی از چالش‎های مهم قرن حاضر تبدیل شده است. مقاومت آنتی‎بیوتیکی کلیه بخش‎های محیط­زیست را درگیر می‎کند و با فشار بر روی گروه­های میکروبی منجر به انتشار مقاومت آنتی‎بیوتیکی و در نهایت تغییر اکولوژیکی در منابع زیست محیطی می‎شود. مقاومت آنتی‎بیوتیکی می‎تواند از باکتری‎های پاتوژن به باکتری‎های غیر پاتوژن و باکتری‎های بومی منتقل شود. این عوامل به‎ویژه از طریق فاضلاب خام و پساب خروجی از تصفیه‎خانه‎های فاضلاب وارد محیط شده و منابع آب و خاک را آلوده می­کنند. تصفیه‎خانه­های آب به‎صورت کامل توان حذف باکتری­ها و ژن­های کد کننده مقاومت آن‏ها را ندارند، درنتیجه این عوامل وارد شبکه توزیع آب می‎شوند و مستقیما مصرف کننده نهائی آب را در معرض خطر قرار می‎دهند. این نوشتار مقاومت آنتی‎بیوتیکی در منابع محیطی و عوامل موثر بر انتشار آن‎را مورد ارزیابی قرار می دهد و بر نقش سازمان‎ها و مسئولین در آسیب‎شناسی این عوامل آلاینده در منابع محیطی، ارتباط آن‎ها با محیط‎های درمانی و کاربرد روش‎های کنترلی تاکید می‎کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


 
Aali, R., and Ghanbari, R., (2017), “Antibiotic Resistance in Environment and its Public Health Risks in Iran” , Journal of Environmental Health and Sustainable Development, 2(4), 371-3.
Aali, R., Nikaeen, M., Khanahmad, H., and Hasanzadeh, A., (2014a), “Monitoring and comparison of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in municipal and hospital wastewaters”, International  Journal  Preventive Medicine, 5(7), 887-94.
Aali, R., Nikaeen, M., Khanahmad, H., Hejazi, Z., Kazemi, M. and Hassanzadeh, A., (2014b), “Occurrence of tetracycline resistant bacteria and resistance gene(tetW) in hospital and municipal wastewaters”, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(10A), 2560-2566.
Abdollahiasl, A., Kebriaeezadeh, A., Nikfar, S., Farshchi, A., Ghiasi, G., and Abdollahi, M., (2011), “Patterns of antibiotic consumption in Iran during 2000–2009”, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 37(5), 489-490.
Aminov, R.I., and Mackie, R.I., (2007), “Evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance genes”, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 271(2), 147-161.
Andreu, V., Vazquez-roig, P., Blasco, C., and Picó, Y., (2009), “Determination of tetracycline residues in soil by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 394(5), 1329-1339.
Armstrong, J.L., Shigeno, D.S., Calomiris, J., and Seidler, R.J., (1981), “Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in drinking water”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 42(2), 277-283.
Atoyan, J.A., Patenaude, E.L., Potts, D.A., and Amador, J.A., (2007), “Effects of tetracycline on antibiotic resistance and removal of fecal indicator bacteria in aerated and unaerated leachfield mesocosms”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 42(11), 1571-1578.
Auerbach, E.A., Seyfried, E.E., and Mcmahon, K.D., (2007), “Tetracycline resistance genes in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants”, Water Research, 41(5), 1143-1151.
Bahl, M.I., Hansen, L.H., Goesmann, A., and Sørensen, S.J., (2007), “The multiple antibiotic resistance IncP-1 plasmid pKJK5 isolated from a soil environment is phylogenetically divergent from members of the previously established [alpha], [beta] and [delta] sub-groups”, Plasmid, 58(1), 31-43.
Bouki, C., Venieri, D., and Diamadopoulos, E., (2013), “Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: A review”, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 91, 1-9.
Castanon, J.I.R., (2007),  “History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in european poultry feeds”, Poultry Science, 86(11), 2466-2471.
Col, N.F., and O'connor, R.W., (1987), “Estimating worldwide current antibiotic usage: report of Task Force 1”, Review of Infectious Diseases, 9(Supplement 3), S232-S243.
Ding, C., and He, J., (2010), “Effect of antibiotics in the environment on microbial populations”, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 87(3), 925-941.
Ferreira, C.S.G., Nunes, B.A., Henriques-Almeida, J.M.D.M., and Guilhermino, L., (2007), “Acute toxicity of oxytetracycline and florfenicol to the microalgae Tetraselmis chuii and to the crustacean Artemia parthenogenetica”, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 67(3), 452-458.
Ferreira da Silva, M., Vaz-Moreina, I., Gonzalez-Pajuelo, M., Nunes, O.C., and Manaia, C.M., (2007), “Antimicrobial resistance patterns in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from an urban wastewater treatment plant”, FEMS Microbiol Ecology, 60(1), 166-176.
Fuentefria, D.B., Ferreira, A.E., and Corcão, G., (2011), “Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hospital wastewater and superficial water: Are they genetically related?”, Journal of Environmental Management, 92(1), 250-255.
Ghanbari, R., Shahryari, A., Asgari, E., Hosseinpoor, S., Yeganeh, J., Salighehdar iran, N., and Aali, R., (2017),  “Environmental cycle of antibiotic resistance encoded genes: A systematic review”, The Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, 21(5), 71-55.
Golet, E.M., Alder, A.C., and Giger, W., (2002), “Environmental exposure and risk assessment of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents in wastewater and river water of the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland”, Environmental Science and Technology, 36(17), 3645-3651.
Guillaume, G., Verbrugge, D., Chasseur-libotte, M.-L., Moens, W., and Collard, J.-M., (2000), “PCR typing of tetracycline resistance determinants (Tet A–E) in Salmonella enterica serotype Hadar and in the microbial community of activated sludges from hospital and urban wastewater treatment facilities in Belgium”, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 32(1), 77-85.
Hadi, M., Shokohi, R., Ebrahimzadeh Namvar A.M., Karimi, M., and Solaimany Aminabad, M., (2011), “Antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria from urban and hospital wastewaters in Hamedan city”, Iranian Journal Health and Environment, 4(1), 105-114.
Hamscher, G., Priess, B., and Nau, H., (2006), “A survey of the occurrence of various sulfonamides and tetracyclines in water and sediment samples originating from aquaculture systems in Northern Germany in summer 2005”, Archiv fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 57(4), 97-101.
Hamscher, G., Sczesny, S., Höper, H., and Nau, H., (2002), “Determination of persistent tetracycline residues in soil fertilized with liquid manure by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry”, Analytical Chemistry, 74(7), 1509-1518.
Heidari, M., Kazemipour, M., Bina, B., Ebrahimi, A., Ansari, M., Ghasemian, M., and Amin, M.M., (2013), “A qualitative survey of five antibiotics in a water treatment plant in central plateau of Iran”, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2013.
Hoa, P.T.P., Managaki, S., Nakada, N., Takada, H., Shimizu, A., Anh, D.H., Viet, P.H. and Suzuki, S., (2011), “Antibiotic contamination and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments of northern Vietnam”, Science of the Total Environment, 409(15), 2894-2901.
Huang, J-J., Hu, H-Y., Lu, S-Q., Li, Y., Tang, F., Lu, Y., and Wei, B., (2012), “Monitoring and evaluation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria at a municipal wastewater treatment plant in China”, Environment International, 42, 31-36.
Iwane, T., Urase, T., and Yamamoto, K., (2001), “Possible impact of treated wastewater discharge on incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in river water”, Water Science and Technology, 43(2), 91-99.
Davis, J., Davis, D., (2010), “Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance”, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review, 74(3), 417-433.
Karthikeyan, K.G., and Meyer, M.T., (2006), “Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA”, Science of The Total Environment, 361(1-3), 196-20.
Kim, S., and Aga, D.S., (2007), “Potential ecological and human health impacts of aantibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from wastewater treatment plants”, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 10(8), 559-573.
Kim, S., Aga, D.S., Jensen , J.N., and Weber, A.S., (2007a), “Effect of sequencing batch reactor operation on presence and concentration of tetracycline-resistant organisms”, Water Environment Research, 79(11), 2287-2297.
Kim, S., Jensen, J., Aga, D., and Weber, A., (2007b), “Fate of tetracycline resistant bacteria as a function of activated sludge process organic loading and growth rate”, Water Science and Technology, 55(1-2), 291-297.
Kim, S., Jensen, J.N., Aga, D.S., and Weber, A.S., (2007c), “Tetracycline as a selector for resistant bacteria in activated sludge”, Chemosphere, 66(9), 1643-1651.
Knapp, C.W., Engemann, C.A., Hanson, M.L., Keen, P.L., Hall, K.J., and Graham, D.W., (2008), “Indirect evidence of transposon-mediated selection of antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic systems at low-level oxytetracycline exposures”, Environmental Science and Technology, 42(14), 5348-5353.
Knapp, C.W., Zhang, W., Sturm, B.S.M., and Graham, D.W., (2010), “Differential fate of erythromycin and beta-lactam resistance genes from swine lagoon waste under different aquatic conditions”, Environmental Pollution, 158(5), 1506-1512.
Kummerer, K., (2009), “Antibiotics in the aquatic environment, A review, Part I”, Chemosphere, 75(4), 417-434.
Kummerer, K., Alexy, R., Huttig, J., and Schöll, A., (2004), “Standardized tests fail to assess the effects of antibiotics on environmental bacteria”, Water Research, 38(8), 2111-2116.
Laroche, E.P.B., Berthe, T., Skurnik, D., and Petit, F., (2009), “Occurrence of antibiotic resistance and class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from a densely populated estuary (Seine, France) ”,  FEMS Microbiol Ecology, 68(1), 118-30.
Laroche, E., Petit, F., Fournier, M., and Pawlak, B., (2010), “Transport of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in a public rural karst water supply”, Journal of Hydrology, 392(1-2), 12-21.
Li, D., Yu, T., Zhang, Y., Yang, M., Li, Z., Liu, M., and Qi, R., (2010), “Antibiotic resistance characteristics of environmental bacteria from an oxytetracycline production wastewater treatment plant and the receiving river”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(11), 3444-3451.
Li, Y-W., Wu, X-L., Mo, C-H., Tai, Y-P., Huang, X-P., and Xiang, L., (2011), “Investigation of sulfonamide, tetracycline, and quinolone antibiotics in vegetable farmland soil in the Pearl River Delta area, southern China. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(13), 7268-727.
Martinez, J.L., (2009), “Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants”, Environmental Pollution, 157(11), 2893-2902.
Martinez, J.L., Fajardo, A., Garmendia, L., Hernandez, A., Linares, J.F., Martínez‐solano, L. and Sánchez, M.B., (2009), “A global view of antibiotic resistance”, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 33(1), 44-65.
Mezrioui, N., and Baleux, B., (1994), “Resistance patterns of e. coli strains isolated from domestic sewage before and after treatment in both aerobic lagoon and activated sludge”, Water Research, 28(11), 2399-2406.
Monteiro, S.C., and Boxall, A.B., (2010), “Occurrence and fate of human pharmaceuticals in the environment”, In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Springer, 53-154.
Montforts, M., Rijs, G., Staeb, J., and Schmitt, H.,  (2008), “ Diergeneesmiddelen en natuurlijke hormonen in oppervlaktewater van gebieden met intensieve veehouderij”, RIVM Rapport 601500004.
Munir, M., Wong, K., and Xagoraraki, I., (2011), “Release of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in the effluent and biosolids of five wastewater utilities in Michigan”, Water Research, 45(2), 681-693.
Munoz-Aguayo, J., Lang, K.S., Lapara, T.M., González, G., and Singer, R.S., (2007), “Evaluating the effects of chlortetracycline on the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a simulated river water ecosystem”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73(17), 5421-5425.
N, R.-F., (2009), “The landscape of antibiotic resistance", Environmental Health Perspective, 117, 45-50.
Nikolaou, A., Meric, S., and Fatta, D., (2007), “Occurrence patterns of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater environments”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 387(4), 1225-1234.
Nisha, A., (2008), “Antibiotic residues, A global health hazard", Veterinary World, 1(12), 375.
Noorbakhsh sabet, N., Japoni, A., Mehrabani, D., and Japoni, S., (2010), “Multi-drug resistance bacteria in Qom hospitals, Central Iran", Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal, 12(4), 501-503.
WHO, (2014), “Antimicrobial resistance: Global report on surveillance, World Health Organization.
Pena, A., Paulo, M., Silva, L., Seifrtová, M., Lino, C., and Solich, P., (2010), “Tetracycline antibiotics in hospital and municipal wastewaters: a pilot study in Portugal”, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 396(8), 2929-2936.
Rahimi, F., Talebi, M., Saifi, M., and Pourshafie, M. R., (2007), “Distribution of enterococcal species and detection of vancomycin resistance genes by multiplex PCR in Tehran sewage”, Iranian Biomedical Journal, 11, 161-167.
Reinthaler, F.F., Posch, J., Feierl, G., Wust, G., Haas, D., Ruckenbauer, G., Mascher, F., and Marth, E., (2003), “Antibiotic resistance of E. coli in sewage and sludge”, Water Research, 37(8), 1685-1690.
Rodriguez-Mozaz, S., Chamorro, S., Marti, E., Huerta, B., Gros, M., Sanchez-Melsió, A., Borrego, C.M., Barceló, D., and Balcázar, J.L., (2015), “Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river”, Water Research, 69, 234-242.
Salyers, A.A., and Amabile-cuevas, C.F., (1997), “Why are antibiotic resistance genes so resistant to elimination?”,  Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 41(11), 2321.
Schmitt, H., Laak, T.T., and Duis, K., (2017), “Development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment under environmentally relevant concentrations of antibiotics and its risk assessment: Literature Study", Umweltbundesamt, 1-159.
Schwartz, T., Kohnen, W., Jansen, B., and Obst, U., (2003), “Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water biofilms”, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43(3), 325-335.
Stange, C., Yin, D., Xu, T., GuO, X., Schäfer, C., and Tiehm, A., (2019), “Distribution of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in Lake Tai, China”, Science of The Total Environment, 655, 337-346.
Stepanauskas, R., Glenn, T.C., Jagoe, C.H., Tuckfield, R.C., Lindell, A.H., King, C.J., and Mcarthur,  J., (2006), “Coselection for microbial resistance to metals and antibiotics in freshwater microcosms”, Environmental Microbiology, 8(9), 1510-1514.
Stine, O.C., Johnson, J.A., Keefer-norris, A., Perry, K.L., Tigno, J., Qaiyumi, S., Stine, M.S. And Morris Jr, J.G., (2007), “WIDespread distribution of tetracycline resistance genes in a confined animal feeding facility”, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 29(3), 348-352.
Talebi, M., Rahimi, F., Katouli, M., Möllby, R., and Pourshafie, M.R., (2008), “Epidemiological link between wastewater and human vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates”, Current Microbiology, 56(5), 468-473.
Tao, R., Ying, G.-G., Su, H-C., Zhou, H-W., and Sidhu, J.P.S., (2010), “Detection of antibiotic resistance and tetracycline resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Pearl rivers in South China”, Environmental Pollution, 158(6), 2101-2109.
Thevenon, F., Adatte, T., Wildi, W., and Pote, J., (2012), “Antibiotic resistant bacteria/genes dissemination in lacustrine sediments highly increased following cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva (Switzerland)”, Chemosphere, 86(5), 468-476.
Verheij, T.J., (2009) , “The antibiotic revolution should be more focused”, British Journal of General Practice, 59, 716-717.
Verlicchi, P., Al Aukidy, M., and Zambello, E., (2012a), “Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: Removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment, A review”, Science of The Total Environment, 429, 123-155.
Walsh, F., Ingenfeld, A., Zampicolli, M., Hilber-bodmer, M., Frey, J.E. and Duffy, B., (2011) , “Real-time PCR methods for quantitative monitoring of streptomycin and tetracycline resistance genes in agricultural ecosystems”, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 86(2), 150-155.
Watanabe, N., Bergamaschi, B.A., Loftin, K.A., Meyer, M.T., and Harter, T., (2010), “ Use and environmental occurrence of antibiotics in freestall dairy farms with manured forage fields”, Environmental Science and Technology, 44(17), 6591-6600.
Webster, L.F., Thompson, B.C., Fulton, M.H., Chestnut, D.E., Van dolah, R.F., Leight, A.K. and Scott, G.I., (2004), “Identification of sources of Escherichia coli in South Carolina estuaries using antibiotic resistance analysis”, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 298(2), 179-195.
Xi, C., Zhang, Y., Marrs, C.F., Ye, W., Simon, C., Foxman, B., and Nriagu, J., (2009), “ Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in drinking water treatment and distribution systems”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(17), 5714-5718.
Xiong, W., Sun, Y., Ding, X., wang, M., and Zeng, Z., (2015), “Selective pressure of antibiotics on ARGs and bacterial communities in manure-polluted freshwater-sediment microcosms”, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 194.
Yiluo , D., Michalrysz , Q.,  Hongjiezhang , L.,  and Andpedroj,  J.A.,(2010),  “Trends in antibiotic resistance genes occurrence in the Haihe River, China”, Environmental Science and  Technology, 44(19), 7220-7225.
Yu, D., Yi, X., Ma, Y., Yin, B., Zhuo, H., Li, J., and Huang, Y., (2009), “Effects of administration mode of antibiotics on antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis in aquatic ecosystems”, Chemosphere, 76(7), 915-920.
Zhang, T., and Li, B., (2011). “Occurrence, transformation, and fate of antibiotics in municipal wastewater treatment plants”, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41(11), 951-998.
Zhang, X.-X., Zhang, T., and Fang, H., (2009), “Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment”, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 82(3), 397-414.