Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering2588-39416220210622Smart City Solutions to Cope with Water Crisis Based on the KNX ProtocolSmart City Solutions to Cope with Water Crisis Based on the KNX Protocol51413343410.22112/jwwse.2021.238848.1215FAMonireh HoushmandDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, IranMahsa Khorrampanah2Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20200723A brief look at the status of statistics provided by different authorities regarding the water crisis represents a leading threat to the spiritual capital of Iran. Iran faces issues such as climate and reduced atmospheric precipitation, with a lack of resources and serious water supply constraints. Many challenges, including water crisis management, and the ever-increasing advances in information and communication technology, on the other hand, have made the move to smart cities an inescapable necessity. In a previous research, the strategies for intelligent water management and water resources control are presented from three perspectives of urban, residential and irrigation solutions and its implementation is presented with the KNX intelligent protocol<strong>.</strong>A brief look at the status of statistics provided by different authorities regarding the water crisis represents a leading threat to the spiritual capital of Iran. Iran faces issues such as climate and reduced atmospheric precipitation, with a lack of resources and serious water supply constraints. Many challenges, including water crisis management, and the ever-increasing advances in information and communication technology, on the other hand, have made the move to smart cities an inescapable necessity. In a previous research, the strategies for intelligent water management and water resources control are presented from three perspectives of urban, residential and irrigation solutions and its implementation is presented with the KNX intelligent protocol<strong>.</strong>Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering2588-39416220210622Identification and Statistical Analysis of Some Factors Affecting the Residential Water Demand in Arak, IranIdentification and Statistical Analysis of Some Factors Affecting the Residential Water Demand in Arak, Iran152613343510.22112/jwwse.2021.240140.1216FAMohammad Reza Vesali NasehDepartment of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran0000-0001-7556-3850Mohammad Reza HosseininasabDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran;Hamed SafikhaniDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, IranSajad Norouzi2- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, IranMehran Mamaghaninezhad5- Markazi Province Water and wastewater CompanyAlireza Jokar5- Markazi Province Water and wastewater CompanyAli Ghiasabadi Farahani5- Markazi Province Water and wastewater CompanyJournal Article20200722In the urban water consumption management, various factors affect the amount of residential water demand (RWD). The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze some of the active factors on RWD in Arak city in 2019. To analyze RWD, a questionnaire was first designed to collect consumer information in four categories: property status and water facilities, meter status, lifestyle, and household information. Using random sampling methods, a random sample including 1400 consumers was selected, and the questionnaire was completed for them. Then, the consumer status was studied using descriptive statistics. For a more accurate analysis of consumer’s behavior, 15 factors in the form of 4 mentioned categories were analyzed using the assumption test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA), based on the average monthly consumption of consumers in the past year. The analysis showed that only three factors of the 15 have a significant difference in RWD: being villa or apartment, car washing method, and carpet washing method, and the other factors didn’t show a substantial difference in RWD. The results of this study indicated that some factors related to lifestyle have more essential effects on RWD. Consequently, the most crucial factor in RWD is the culture of water consumption. This seems to indicate the priority of applying advertising tools to educate the public about the correct perception of RWD, which should be on the schedule of water and wastewater companies.In the urban water consumption management, various factors affect the amount of residential water demand (RWD). The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze some of the active factors on RWD in Arak city in 2019. To analyze RWD, a questionnaire was first designed to collect consumer information in four categories: property status and water facilities, meter status, lifestyle, and household information. Using random sampling methods, a random sample including 1400 consumers was selected, and the questionnaire was completed for them. Then, the consumer status was studied using descriptive statistics. For a more accurate analysis of consumer’s behavior, 15 factors in the form of 4 mentioned categories were analyzed using the assumption test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA), based on the average monthly consumption of consumers in the past year. The analysis showed that only three factors of the 15 have a significant difference in RWD: being villa or apartment, car washing method, and carpet washing method, and the other factors didn’t show a substantial difference in RWD. The results of this study indicated that some factors related to lifestyle have more essential effects on RWD. Consequently, the most crucial factor in RWD is the culture of water consumption. This seems to indicate the priority of applying advertising tools to educate the public about the correct perception of RWD, which should be on the schedule of water and wastewater companies.Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering2588-39416220210622Investigation of Nematode Removal by Units of Pardis Drinking Water Treatment PlantInvestigation of Nematode Removal by Units of Pardis Drinking Water Treatment Plant273713344210.22112/jwwse.2021.242138.1218FAFarzaneh Faridiradquality control expert/ Tehran east province water and wastewater company0000-0002-4584-0244Masoumeh GholinezhadBiological Lab expert/ tehran east province water and wastewater companySheida TabriziChemical Lab expert/ tehran east province water and wastewater companyNoormohammad SalabarziLab expert/ tehran east province water and wastewater companyJournal Article20200817Nematodes are biological creatures with different kinds of species. According to the sources, the main reason for their low removal efficiency against disinfection, is their high rotational movements. Sand filters are the best place for their growth and reproduction. Therefor the best way to increase the removal efficiency of nematodes, is to inactivate them before their entrance into the sand filters and appropriate washing. In Pardis water treatment plant by increasing the nematodes after passing through a critical duration and increasing the turbidity of entrance water up to 300 NTU, caused from Jajoroud flooding, some actions were taken place such as frequent back-washing of filters, Chlorine shock, washing by perchlorine in different concentrations from 35-200 ppm. For this research, samples were taken from different indicator points of plant during 9 days. Then biological and physical chemistry analysis were taken place in order to detect the presence or absence of zooplanktons, specially nematodes in the treated water, and investigating the effect of flooding on physical and chemical quality of the water. After taking the above-mentioned actions and resampling during 4 days, from indicator points, the results showed that there were not any nematodes in the treated water and also the removal efficiency of the filters was raised up to 99% which was more than the literatures. These works have been done in order to remove the nematodes or prevent them from entering to the reproductive phase. The experimental analysis have been discussed in this research<strong>.</strong>Nematodes are biological creatures with different kinds of species. According to the sources, the main reason for their low removal efficiency against disinfection, is their high rotational movements. Sand filters are the best place for their growth and reproduction. Therefor the best way to increase the removal efficiency of nematodes, is to inactivate them before their entrance into the sand filters and appropriate washing. In Pardis water treatment plant by increasing the nematodes after passing through a critical duration and increasing the turbidity of entrance water up to 300 NTU, caused from Jajoroud flooding, some actions were taken place such as frequent back-washing of filters, Chlorine shock, washing by perchlorine in different concentrations from 35-200 ppm. For this research, samples were taken from different indicator points of plant during 9 days. Then biological and physical chemistry analysis were taken place in order to detect the presence or absence of zooplanktons, specially nematodes in the treated water, and investigating the effect of flooding on physical and chemical quality of the water. After taking the above-mentioned actions and resampling during 4 days, from indicator points, the results showed that there were not any nematodes in the treated water and also the removal efficiency of the filters was raised up to 99% which was more than the literatures. These works have been done in order to remove the nematodes or prevent them from entering to the reproductive phase. The experimental analysis have been discussed in this research<strong>.</strong>Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering2588-39416220210622Studying the Efficiency of Balancing Pond Function in Sanitary Sewage Treatment Using the Activated Sludge Method (Case Study: Sewage Treatment Plant of Brigade 37)Studying the Efficiency of Balancing Pond Function in Sanitary Sewage Treatment Using the Activated Sludge Method (Case Study: Sewage Treatment Plant of Brigade 37)384913260010.22112/jwwse.2021.257468.1227FAMohammad Hadi FattahiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran0000-0002-0509-569XMohammad HosseiniDepartment of Civil Engineering, Ghirokarzin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghirokarzin, Iran0000-0002-0509-569XSohrab KaramiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, IranJournal Article20201115Aerobic biological treatment systems are very suitable for removing contaminants of organic matter in the sewage. Accordingly, the continuity of the inlet flow to the treatment plant, in design and exploitation of these processes, is necessary to consider. One of the differences between industrial and low population areas wastewater, such as military garrisons, and the Municipal sewage, is their volumetric fluctuations. These fluctuations may have a negative effect on the activated sludge process; thus the efficiency of using balancing pool in activated sludge systems has been analyzed in this research. Wastewater treatment process is based on biologically activated sludge method and extensive aeration. In this method, the raw wastewater is directed to the pumping station gravitationally. Results illustrated that, the inlet flow rate to the treatment plant, has high fluctuations from 0 to 40 (m<sup>3</sup>/hour) at different hours of the day due to the low population. Based on the samplings, it has been determined that the efficiency of activated sludge process in removing the parameters of BOD5, COD, TSS and ammonia during one week is averagely 61, 61, 68 and 24%, respectively. According to the sewage standards, this treated sewage is not suitable for injection into water wells or surface water or for reuse in agriculture. Whilst, using the balancing pond and controlling the inlet flow to the aeration pond at a rate of 12 cubic meters per hour, the removal efficiency of BOD5, COD, TSS and ammonia escalates averagely 90, 90, 89.19 and 81.59%, respectively during a week.Aerobic biological treatment systems are very suitable for removing contaminants of organic matter in the sewage. Accordingly, the continuity of the inlet flow to the treatment plant, in design and exploitation of these processes, is necessary to consider. One of the differences between industrial and low population areas wastewater, such as military garrisons, and the Municipal sewage, is their volumetric fluctuations. These fluctuations may have a negative effect on the activated sludge process; thus the efficiency of using balancing pool in activated sludge systems has been analyzed in this research. Wastewater treatment process is based on biologically activated sludge method and extensive aeration. In this method, the raw wastewater is directed to the pumping station gravitationally. Results illustrated that, the inlet flow rate to the treatment plant, has high fluctuations from 0 to 40 (m<sup>3</sup>/hour) at different hours of the day due to the low population. Based on the samplings, it has been determined that the efficiency of activated sludge process in removing the parameters of BOD5, COD, TSS and ammonia during one week is averagely 61, 61, 68 and 24%, respectively. According to the sewage standards, this treated sewage is not suitable for injection into water wells or surface water or for reuse in agriculture. Whilst, using the balancing pond and controlling the inlet flow to the aeration pond at a rate of 12 cubic meters per hour, the removal efficiency of BOD5, COD, TSS and ammonia escalates averagely 90, 90, 89.19 and 81.59%, respectively during a week.Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering2588-39416220210622Assessing Performance of Financial Factors of Urban Water and Wastewater Industries Using Data Envelopment AnalysisAssessing Performance of Financial Factors of Urban Water and Wastewater Industries Using Data Envelopment Analysis505713343610.22112/jwwse.2021.259618.1229FAAbdolmajid Rahpeimaدانشگاه آزاد اسلامی تهران مرکزMohammad DavoodabadiSenior Financial ExpertJournal Article20210123In today’s world, considering economic, social, cultural political and marketing conditions of institutional units, limits of recourses and importance of efficiency in order to achieve ideological goals is instrumental. Regarding certain governing principals of water and wastewater industry, price controlling by government in particular upgrading efficiency can solve a big portion of industry’s problems. In this research, Performance of financial factors such as liquidity, economic activity, profitability and investment with data envelopment analysis is compared to the common method of assessing factors in 20017 in the domain of urban water and wastewater industry. Because of non-homogeny of statistical population, the focus was on the company’s parameter differential. The results show that the data envelopment analysis can determine the efficiency in administrative planning and deciding with high precision. According to the research results, the holding companies of water and wastewater industry greatly vary in efficiency. Also after grouping the holding companies to 5 independent groups with some certain factors, there is a significant difference between financial efficiency and size of companies with assuming constant return to scale and if assumed variable return to scale there is no significant difference.In today’s world, considering economic, social, cultural political and marketing conditions of institutional units, limits of recourses and importance of efficiency in order to achieve ideological goals is instrumental. Regarding certain governing principals of water and wastewater industry, price controlling by government in particular upgrading efficiency can solve a big portion of industry’s problems. In this research, Performance of financial factors such as liquidity, economic activity, profitability and investment with data envelopment analysis is compared to the common method of assessing factors in 20017 in the domain of urban water and wastewater industry. Because of non-homogeny of statistical population, the focus was on the company’s parameter differential. The results show that the data envelopment analysis can determine the efficiency in administrative planning and deciding with high precision. According to the research results, the holding companies of water and wastewater industry greatly vary in efficiency. Also after grouping the holding companies to 5 independent groups with some certain factors, there is a significant difference between financial efficiency and size of companies with assuming constant return to scale and if assumed variable return to scale there is no significant difference.Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering2588-39416220210622Application of Secondary Treated Municipal Wastewater for Irrigation of Agricultural Lands: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of LegionellaApplication of Secondary Treated Municipal Wastewater for Irrigation of Agricultural Lands: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Legionella586513343710.22112/jwwse.2021.261018.1231FAMarzieh FarhadkhaniAssistant Professor of Environmental Health Engineering, Educational Development Center, Shahrekord University of Medical SciencesMahnaz NikaeenProfessor of Environmental Health Engineering, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesGhasem YadegarfarAssociate Professor of Statistics &amp; Epidemiology, Department of Statistics &amp; Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesJournal Article20210106Water scarcity is a main issue in most countries in the worldwide. Nowadays, irrigation with treated wastewater is becoming a necessary alternative to addressing issues of water shortage, especially in arid and semiarid countries.The potential health risks and environmental impacts resulting from inadequate microbial quality of treated wastewater have been well known and is a challenge for developing countries. In this study 25 effluent samples were collected from Isfahan wastewater treatment plant and presence of<em> Legionella</em> in STWW samples were monitored using nested real time PCR. As well as using the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, <em>Legionella</em> risk due to the use of secondary effluent for spray irrigation of agricultural lands for farmers was determined. <em>Legionella</em> was detected in %84 of STWW samples. The mean annual <em>Legionella</em> disease risk ranged from 7.7 × 10<sup>-8</sup> to 1.5 × 10<sup>-5</sup> pppy which was lower than the reference level of 10<sup>-3</sup> pppy has been recommended by WHO. The results of this study showed that use of STWW for irrigation, dose note significant health risk associated with Legionella for farmers. Also, STWW could be used as an alternative source for agricultural irrigation in semiarid areas.<br /><strong> </strong>Water scarcity is a main issue in most countries in the worldwide. Nowadays, irrigation with treated wastewater is becoming a necessary alternative to addressing issues of water shortage, especially in arid and semiarid countries.The potential health risks and environmental impacts resulting from inadequate microbial quality of treated wastewater have been well known and is a challenge for developing countries. In this study 25 effluent samples were collected from Isfahan wastewater treatment plant and presence of<em> Legionella</em> in STWW samples were monitored using nested real time PCR. As well as using the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, <em>Legionella</em> risk due to the use of secondary effluent for spray irrigation of agricultural lands for farmers was determined. <em>Legionella</em> was detected in %84 of STWW samples. The mean annual <em>Legionella</em> disease risk ranged from 7.7 × 10<sup>-8</sup> to 1.5 × 10<sup>-5</sup> pppy which was lower than the reference level of 10<sup>-3</sup> pppy has been recommended by WHO. The results of this study showed that use of STWW for irrigation, dose note significant health risk associated with Legionella for farmers. Also, STWW could be used as an alternative source for agricultural irrigation in semiarid areas.<br /><strong> </strong>