ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Studying the Performance of Different Approaches for PRVs Setting and improving reliability in Water Distribution Networks
High pressure in water distribution networks leads to various problems such as increased leakage, bursts and unexpected consumptions. Hence, pressure management plans are implemented using pressure reducing valves (PRVs), tanks and pump stations. In this study, PRVs are applied for pressure management in three different approaches; fixed outlet, time modulation and flow modulation. In fixed outlet PRVs, a steady set pressure is considered for each PRV during the day. A simulation-optimization model is developed to find the optimal set pressures for all PRVs. In time modulation approach, PRVs are able to apply different pressure settings at different hours of the day which results the better control of the hourly pressure fluctuations in the water network. In this approach, optimization of set pressures is carried out. In flow modulation PRVs, the set pressure is regulated according to the average pressure in the network. In addition, in this study a new reliability index is introduced considering the average pressure and hourly pressure fluctuations and their effects on consumer’s satisfaction. This index is considered as an optimization objective function. Finally, comparing the performance of the above approaches shows that flow modulation, time modulation and fixed outlet approach are the most reliable, respectively.
https://www.jwwse.ir/article_60591_2b452601aeb5387c2df90de1b8f22fee.pdf
2017-09-23
4
13
10.22112/jwwse.2018.89166.1026
Water distribution
Consumer’s satisfaction
PRV
Time modulation
Flow modulation
mohammadamin
gheibi
amin.stu@gmail.com
1
M.Sc. Graduate Student, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of
Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
milad
latifi
milad.latifi@yahoo.com
2
PhD Student, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
seyed taghi
omid naeeni
stnaeeni@ut.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
لطیفی، م.، غیبی، م.ا.، و نائینی، س.ت.ا.، (1394)، "مدیریت فشار در سیستمهای توزیع آب با استفاده از شیرهای فشارشکن و درنظر گرفتن شاخص قابلیت اطمینان فازی"، دهمین کنگره بینالمللی مهندسی عمران، 15-17 اردیبهشت، تبریز، ایران.
1
Abdel Meguid, H., Skworcow, P., and Ulanicki, B., (2011), “Mathematical modelling of a hydraulic controller for PRV flow modulation”, Journal of Hydroinformatics, 13(3), 374-389.
2
Awad, H., Kapelan, Z., and Savic, D., (2008), “Analysis of pressure management economics in water distribution systems”, Proceedings of Conference on Water Distribution Systems Analysis, August 17-20, Kruger National Park, South Africa, 1-12.
3
Chandramouli, S., (2015), “Reliability based optimal design of a municipal water supply pipe network”, Urban Water Journal, 12(5), 353-361.
4
Ciaponi, C., Franchioli, L., Murari, E., and Papiri, S., (2015), “Procedure for defining a pressure-outflow relationship regarding indoor demands in pressure-driven analysis of water distribution networks”, Water Resources Management, 29(3), 817-832.
5
Costa, L., Ramos, H., and Castro, M., (2010), “Hybrid genetic algorithms with advanced search for optimized operation of water supply networks”, Integrating Water Systems, Boxall & Maksimovi´c (eds.), Taylor & Francis Group, London, 621-626.
6
Kurek, W., and Ostfeld, A., (2013),“Multi-objective optimization of water quality, pumps operation, and storage sizing of water distribution systems”, Journal of Environmental Management, 115, 189-97.
7
Liserra, T. Maglionico, M., Ciriello, V., and Di Federico, V., (2014), “Evaluation of reliability indicators for WDNs with demand-driven and pressure-driven models”, Journal of Water Resources Management, 28(5), 1201-1217.
8
Nicolini, M., and Zovatto, L., (2009), “Optimal location and control of pressure reducing valves in water networks”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, 135(3), 178-187.
9
Ostfeld, A., Kogan, D., and Shamir, U., (2002), “Reliability simulation of water distribution systems – single and multiquality”, Urban Water Journal, 4(1), 53-64.
10
Tabesh, M., (1998), “Implication of the pressure dependency of outflows on data management, mathematical modeling and reliability assessment of water distribution systems”, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Liverpool, England.
11
Tabesh, M., and Hoomehr, S., (2009), “Consumption management in water distribution systems by optimizing pressure reducing valves’ settings using genetic algorithm”, Journal of Desalination and Water Treatment, 2(1-3), 95-100.
12
Tabesh, M., Azadi, B., and Roozbahani, A., (2011), “Quality management of water distribution networks by optimizing dosage and location of chlorine injection”, International Journal of Environmental Research, 5(2), 321-332.
13
Tabesh, M., Shirzad, A., Arefkhani, V., and Mani, A., (2013),“A comparative study between the modified and available demand driven based models for head driven analysis of water distribution networks”, Urban Water Journal, 11(3), 221-230.
14
Tanyimboh, T.T., and Templeman, A.B., (2010), “Seamless pressure-deficient water distribution system model”, Journal of Water Management, ICE 163(8), 389-396.
15
Todini, E., and Pilati, S., (1987), “A gradient algorithm for the analysis of pipe network”, In: International Conference on Computer Applications for Water Supply and Distribution, Leicester Polytechnic, UK.
16
Wagner, J.M., Shamir, U., and Marks, D.H., (1988), “Water distribution reliability: simulation methods”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, ASCE, 114(3), 276-294.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Concept of DALY Index and its Calculation in Estimating Disease Burden
Simultaneous with the change in the sequence and track of diseases, referred to as the "epidemiological transmission of illnesses", and for the aim of measuring early deaths and disabilities, the use of a common basis seems essential. Since the late 1940s, researchers have identified 'time' as a common criterion for measuring early deaths and disabilities, and based on that, the DALYs have been introduced. This index, which is used in economic assessments and calculation of health expenditures and functions, consists of two factors: "years of life that are lost due to premature death" and "years of life associated with a type of disability with specific intensity and duration ". The World Health Organization has used this index in developing its guidelines for the microbial, chemical and radioactivity quality of drinking water. In this paper, while presenting the basic concepts of DALYs, how it is calculated correctly in an effective cost estimate is presented in the form of an applied example.
https://www.jwwse.ir/article_60592_57e84bee12fa99a66ccad990297d8dc0.pdf
2017-09-23
14
20
10.22112/jwwse.2018.91896.1035
DALYs
YLD
YLL
GBD
KAVEH
ALINEJAD
k_alinejad@yahoo.com
1
Head of Department of Implementation of Wastewater Projects/National Water and Wastewater Engineering Company
LEAD_AUTHOR
شادپور، پ.، (1377)، بار جهانی بیماریها (خلاصه)، ترجمه، وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی/یونیسف.
1
Fewtrell, L., and Bartram, J., (2001), Water quality, guidelines, standards and health assessment of risk and risk management for water–related infectious disease, IWA & WHO.
2
Fox-Rushby, J.A., and Hanson, K., (2001), Calculating and presenting disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in cost effectiveness analysis, Oxford University Press.
3
Havelar, A.H., and Melse, J.M., (2003), Quantifying public health risk in the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality, A burden of disease approach, RIVM Report 734301022/2003.
4
Pruss–Ustun, A., Mathers, C., Corvalán, C., and Woodward, A., (2003), Introduction and methods: Assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels, WHO, Geneva, Environmental Burden of Disease Series No. 10.
5
World Health Organization, (2003), Global burden of disease concept, WHO, Geneva, 27-40.
6
World Health Organization, (2008), Guidelines for drinking water quality, WHO, Geneva, 45-47.
7
World Health Organization, (2017), Guidelines for drinking water quality, Fourth Edition, Incorporating the First Addendum, WHO, Geneva, 37-38.
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study on the effective process parameters for degradation of herbicide Bentazone in contaminated water by nano metal oxides of Titanium (IV) and Iron (III) based on natural zeolite
In this study, the photocatalyst of TiO2/Fe2O3 based on clinoptilolite natural zeolite was synthesized by co-precipitation method and its function in degradation of Bentazone, as one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture, was evaluated. The effect of process parameters simultaneously including pollutant concentration (1-40 mg/l), pH (4-10) and hydrogen peroxide concentration (25-100 mg/l) on photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Bentazone was investigated using design of experiments in response surface methodology. Synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDX analyses. The results of XRD, FT-IR, and EDX confirmed the presence of TiO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the surface of clinoptilolite. The FE-SEM results confirmed the deposition of TiO2/Fe2O3 on the surface of clinoptilolite zeolite and also the approximate particle size of TiO2/Fe2O3 was 52 nm. According to XRF results, the synthesized nanoparticles had Fe3+/TiO2 optimal molar ratio of 0.06. The results showed that Bentazone concentration, pH and hydrogen peroxide concentration were the most effective factors on photocatalytic degradation efficiency of Bentazone, respectively. According to the experimental data at optimal conditions (pH, pollutant concentration and hydrogen peroxide concentration are 10, 10 mg/l and 50 mg/l, respectively), degradation efficiency of Bentazone was obtained 97% and the degradation efficiency was 78% at maximum concentration of pollutant (40 mg/l). This study showed that the synthesized photocatalyst has acceptable efficiency for degradation of non-biodegradable pollutant and removal pesticides from contaminated water.
https://www.jwwse.ir/article_60593_15f062c95fed0f4ed26780ba262b7fce.pdf
2017-09-23
21
32
10.22112/jwwse.2018.92536.1037
Bentazone
Herbicide
photocatalyst
Water Treatment
Environment
Mehrdad
Farhadian
mehrdadfarhadian@yahoo.com
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Arash
Saki
arash602@gmail.com
2
Master of Science Student, School of Chemical, Petroleum & Gas Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
nila
davari
nila.davari@yahoo.com
3
Master of Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad, R., Ahmad, Z., Khan, A.U., Mastoi, N.R., Aslam, M., and Kim, J., (2016), "Photocatalytic systems as an advanced environmental remediation: Recent developments, limitations and new avenues for applications", Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4, 4143-4164.
1
Arimi, A., Farhadian, M., Solaimany Nazar, A.R., and Homayoonfal, M., (2016), "Assessment of operating parameters for photocatalytic degradation of a textile dye by Fe2O3/TiO2/clinoptilolite nanocatalyst using Taguchi experimental design", Research on Chemical Intermediates, 42, 4021-4040.
2
Ayranci, E., and Hoda, N., (2004), "Adsorption of bentazon and propanil from aqueous solutions at the high area activated carbon-cloth", Chemosphere, 57, 755-762.
3
Battisha, I.K., Afify, H.H., and Ibrahim, M., (2006), "Synthesis of Fe2O3 concentrations and sintering temperature on FTIR and magnetic susceptibility measured from 4 to 300K of monolith silica gel prepared by sol–gel technique", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 306, 211-217.
4
Beltran-Heredia, J., (1996), "Photolytic decomposition of bentazone", Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 66(2), 206-212.
5
Chen, S., and Liu, Y., (2007), "Study on the photocatalytic degradation of glyphosate by TiO2 photocatalyst", Chemosphere, 67, 1010-1017.
6
Davari, N., Farhadian, M., Solaimany Nazar, A.R., and Homayoonfal, M., (2017), "Metronidazole degradation from contaminated water using TiO2/Fe2O3/clinoptilolite nanophotocatalyst", Iranian Chemical Engineering Journal, 15, 51, (In Persian).
7
De, A., Bose, R., Kumar, A., and Mozumdar, S., (2014), Chapter 2: Worldwide Pesticide Use. Targeted Delivery of Pesticides Using Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles, Chapter 2: Worldwide pesticide use, Springer Briefs in Molecular Science.
8
Esmaili, Z., Cheshmberah, F., Solaimany Nazar, A.R., and Farhadian, M., (2017), "Treatment of florfenicol of synthetic trout fish farm wastewater through nanofiltration and photocatalyst oxidation", Environmental Technology, 38, 2040-2047.
9
Fadaei, A., Dehghani, M.H., Nasseri, S., Mahvi, A.H., Rastkari, N., and Shayeghi, M., (2012), "Organophosphorous pesticides in surface water of Iran", Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 88, 867-869.
10
Faramarzpour, M., Vossoughi, M., and Borghei, M., (2009), "Photocatalytic degradation of furfural by titania nanoparticles in a floating-bed photoreactor", Chemical Engineering Journal, 146, 79-85.
11
Gholami, M., Shirzad-Siboni, M., Farzadkia, M., and Yang, J.-K., (2016) "Synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite for photocatalysis of a herbicide (Bentazon)", Desalination and Water Treatment, 57, 13632-13644.
12
Heijman, S.G.J. and Hopman, R., (1999), "Activated carbon filtration in drinking water production: model prediction and new concepts", Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 151, 303-310.
13
Homem, V., and Santos, L., (2011), "Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices – A review", Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2304-2347.
14
Jonidi-Jafari, A., Shirzad-Siboni, M., Yang, J.-K., Naimi-Joubani, M., and Farrokhi, M., (2015), "Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon with illuminated ZnO–TiO2 composite", Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 50, 100-107.
15
Kannaiyan, D., Kochuveedu, S.T., Jang, Y.H., Jang, Y.J., Lee, J.Y., Lee, J., Lee, J., Kim, J., and Kim, D.H., (2010), "Enhanced photophysical properties of nanopatterned titania nanodots/nanowires upon hybridization with silica via block copolymer templated sol-gel process", Polymers, 2, 490.
16
Kaur, T., Toor, A.P., and Wanchoo, R.K., (2015), "UV-assisted degradation of propiconazole in a TiO2 aqueous suspension: identification of transformation products and the reaction pathway using GC/MS", International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 95, 494-507.
17
Korkuna, O., Leboda, R., Skubiszewska-Zie’Ba, J., Vrublevs’ka, T., Gun’ko, V.M., and Ryczkowski, J., (2006), "Structural and physicochemical properties of natural zeolites: clinoptilolite and mordenite", Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 87, 243-254.
18
Kruithof, J.C., Kamp, P.C., Lute, N.W., Belosevic, M., and Williams, G., (2003), "Implementation of UV/H2O2 treatment for inactivation of microorganisms and pesticide control", 2nd International Congress on Ultraviolet Technologies, Vienna, Austria.
19
Mahamuni, N.N., and Adewuyi, Y.G., (2010), "Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving ultrasound for waste water treatment: A review with emphasis on cost estimation", Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17, 990-1003.
20
Mir, N.A., Haque, M.M., Khan, A., Muneer, M., and Vijayalakshmi, S., (2014) "Photocatalytic degradation of herbicide Bentazone in aqueous suspension of TiO2: Mineralization, identification of intermediates and reaction pathways", Environmental Technology, 35, 407-415.
21
Mukherjee, S., Tappe, W., Weihermueller, L., Hofmann, D., Köppchen, S., Laabs, V., Schroeder, T., Vereecken, H., and Burauel, P., (2016), "Dissipation of bentazone, pyrimethanil and boscalid in biochar and digestate based soil mixtures for biopurification systems", Science of The Total Environment, 544, 192-202.
22
Njoku, V.O., Islam, M.A., Asif, M., and Hameed, B.H., (2014), "Utilization of sky fruit husk agricultural waste to produce high quality activated carbon for the herbicide bentazon adsorption", Chemical Engineering Journal, 251, 183-191.
23
Pourata, R., Khataee, A.R., Aber, S., and Daneshvar, N., (2009), "Removal of the herbicide Bentazon from contaminated water in the presence of synthesized nanocrystalline TiO2 powders under irradiation of UV-C light", Desalination, 249, 301-307.
24
Seck, E.I., Doña-Rodríguez, J.M., Fernández-Rodríguez, C., González-Díaz, O.M., Araña, J., and Pérez-Peña, J., (2012), "Photocatalytical removal of bentazon using commercial and sol–gel synthesized nanocrystalline TiO2: Operational parameters optimization and toxicity studies", Chemical Engineering Journal, 203, 52-62.
25
Wang, C., Shi, H., and Li, Y., (2011) "Synthesis and characteristics of natural zeolite supported Fe3+-TiO2 photocatalysts", Applied Surface Science, 257, 6873-6877.
26
Wei, X., Gao, N., Li, C., Deng, Y., Zhou, S., and Li, L., (2016), "Zero-valent iron (ZVI) activation of persulfate (PS) for oxidation of bentazon in water", Chemical Engineering Journal, 285, 660-670.
27
Yalçın, Y., Kılıç, M., and Çınar, Z., (2010), "Fe+3-doped TiO2: A combined experimental and computational approach to the evaluation of visible light activity", Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 99, 469-477.
28
Zazouli, M.A., Ghanbari, F., Yousefi, M., and Madihi-Bidgoli, S., (2017), "Photocatalytic degradation of food dye by Fe3O4–TiO2 nanoparticles in presence of peroxymonosulfate: The effect of UV sources", Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5, 2459-2468.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The investigation of using biological and chemical oxidation combination effect on wastewater treatment
Recently, the use of hybrid techniques is taken into consideration in wastewater treatment to achieve a high efficiency and effective removal of contaminants especially for resistant contaminants. In this research, the process of a combination of chemical oxidation by ozone and biological oxidation by aerobic attached growth bioreactor in the different modes for treating of wastewater were studied. At first, the performance of aerobic biological reactor was alone studied. Synthetic wastewater (sodium acetate as carbon source and ammonium chloride as a source of nitrogen) with the initial COD of 300 ppm and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen of 10 was used. The results showed that there is a complete nitrification in bioreactor and COD removal efficiency is 89%. When using ozone oxidation before biotreatment, it was seen that the efficiency of COD removal increased to 94.0% and TSS was achieved to 75 mg/L in output. In the next step, the ozonation was used after biotreatment and it was observed that COD removal efficiency increased to 97.0% and the amount of TSS also decreased to 35 mg/L in output. In the final step, ozonation was used simultaneously before and after biotreatment as pretreatment as well as final treatment. In this mode, the results showed that the efficiency of COD removal in the output of the system increased to 98.3% and the value of TSS was declined to 20 mg/L.
https://www.jwwse.ir/article_60594_b66122fd483631a36a69993547c4b16b.pdf
2017-09-23
33
40
10.22112/jwwse.2018.97395.1044
Aerobic attached growth bioreactor
Ozonation
Nitrification
Combined Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Davood
Kahforoushan
kahforoushan@sut.ac.ir
1
Environmental Engineering Research Center, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Baradar Khosfetrat
khoshfetrat@sut.ac.ir
2
Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand Universitu of Thechnology
AUTHOR
reza
Irani
reza_irani@gmail.com
3
Chemical Engineering Fac. SUT
AUTHOR
American Public Health Association (APHA) (1985), Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 16th Edition, University of California, USA, 1268 p.
1
Aparicio, M.A., Eiroa, M., Kennes, C., and Veiga, M.C., (2007), “Combined post-ozonation and biological treatment of recalcitrant wastewater from a resin-producing factory”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143(1-2), 285-290.
2
Beltran-Heredia, J., Torregrosa, J., Dominguez, J.R., and Garcia, J., (2000), “Aerobic biological treatment of black table olive washing wastewaters: Effect of an ozonation stage”, Process Biochemistry, 35, 1183-119.
3
Clesceri, L.S., Eaton, A.D., Greenberg. A.E., and Franson, M.A.H., (1998), Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Water Works Association and W.E. Federation.
4
Cohen, Y., (2001), “Biofiltration–the treatment of fluids by microorganisms immobilized into the filter bedding material: A review”, Bioresource Technology, 77(3), 257-274.
5
Guzel-Seydim, Z.B., Greene, A.K., and Seydim, A.C., (2004), “Use of ozone in the food industry”, LWT-Food Science and Technology, 37(4), 453-460.
6
Heidemarie S., Manfred, C., Gans, O., and Kreuzinger, N., (2010), “Micropollutant removal during biological wastewater treatment and a subsequent ozonation step”, Environmental Pollution, 158, 1399-1404.
7
Izanloo, H., Mesdaghinia, A., Nabizadeh, R., Nasseri, S., Naddafi, K., Mahvi, A.H., and Nazmara, Sh., (2006), “Effect of organic loading on the performance of aerated submerged fixed-film 85 reactor (ASFFR) for crude oil-containing wastewater treatment”, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 3(2) 85-90.
8
Jou, C.-J.G., and Huang, G.C., (2003), “A pilot study for oil refinery wastewater treatment using a fixed-film bioreactor”, Advances in Environmental Research, 7(2), 463-469.
9
Klauson, D., Kivi A., Kattel, K., Viisimaa, M., Bolobajev, J., Velling, S., Goi, A., Tenno, T., and Tenno, M., (2015), “Combined processes for wastewater purification: treatment of a typical landfill leachate with a combination of chemical and biological oxidation processes”, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 90(8), 1527-1536.
10
Oller, I., Malato, S., and Sánchez-Pérez, J., (2011), “Combination of advanced oxidation processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination - A review”, Science of the Total Environment, 409(20), 4141-4166.
11
Schaar, H., Clara, M., Gans, O., and Kreuzinger, N., (2010), “Micropollutant removal during biological wastewater treatment and a subsequent ozonation step”, Environmental Pollution, 158(5), 1399-1404.
12
Ternes, T.A., Herrmanna, N., McDowell, D., Ried, A., Kampmann, M., and Teiser, B., (2003), “Ozonation: A tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater?”, Water Research, 37, 1976-1982.
13
Van Haandel, A.C., and Lettinga, G., (1994), An aerobic sewage treatment: A practical guide for regions with a hot climate, John Wiley & Sons.
14
Wang, S., Ma, J., Liu, B., Jiang, Y., and Zhang, H., (2008), “Degradation characteristics of secondary effluent of domestic wastewater by combined process of ozonation and biofiltration”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150(1), 109-114.
15
Wert, E.C., Rosario-Ortiz, F.L., Drury, D.D., and Snydera, S.A., (2007), “Formation of oxidation byproducts from ozonation of wastewater”, Water Research, 41(7), 1481-1490.
16
Zhang, S., Zheng, J., and Chen, Z., (2014), “Combination of ozonation and biological aerated filter (BAF) for bio-treated coking wastewater”, Separation and Purification Technology, 132, 610-615.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study of Biofilm forming Bacteria in Urban Drinking water and the inhibitory methods
The maintenance of health and quality of drinking water is one of the major priorities in water supply systems. Formation of biofilm in water pipelines, tanks and domestic water purifiers is one of important concerns. Viruses, bacteria and protozoa could easily transport through water currents and among these, some certain bacteria have the ability of attachment to the surfaces and forming the biofilm. Formation and growth of the biofilm could negatively affect the water current, drinking quality and health. Biofilm forming bacteria secrets protecting compounds which protect them from damaging factors and through this process biofilm become resistant to degradation. Some of the biofilm creating bacteria are also have pathogenic capabilities even in humans, which is crucially important in maintenance of the health of drinking water. Due to the importance of knowing the biofilm forming societies in urban drinking water supply, the present paper will introduce the biofilm and its major bacterial agents.
https://www.jwwse.ir/article_60595_54acd4c2edbd515e9fd78806371cf854.pdf
2017-09-23
41
50
10.22112/jwwse.2018.100297.1045
Biofilm
Escherchia coli
Coli form
Drinking Water
Microbial pollution
zahra
salehi reyhani
zsalehireyhani4@gmail.com
1
Department of Biology, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Khuzestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
zahra
khoshnood
zkhoshnood@gmail.com
2
Department of Biology, college of Science, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Khuzestan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
داورخواه ربانی، م.، ارشادی، ا.، و زارعی، ا.، (1378)، "بررسی کیفیت باکتری شناسایی آب آبخوریهای عمومی شهر کاشان در تابستان 1377"، مجموعه مقالات دومین سمینار کشوری بهداشت محیط تهران، 542-548.
1
دهقانی، م. ه.، قادرپوری، م.، فضلزاده دویل، م.، و گل مهدی، س.، (1388)، "بررسی کیفیت میکروبی آب آشامیدنی روستاهای شهرستان سقز"، فصلنامه سلامت و محیط، 2(2)، 132-139.
2
رخش خورشید، ع.، جعفری مدرک، م.، کرد مصطفیپور، ف.، و قنبری، م.، (1380)، "بررسی میزان آلودگی آب شرب در شهر زاهدان"، مجموعه مقالات چهارمین همایش کشوری بهداشت محیط، یزد، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد، 28-36.
3
رضی، ف.، (1388)، کنترل کیفیت در آزمایشگاههای پزشکی، انتشارات نوید شیراز.
4
شاه منصوری، م.، فرخزاده، ح.، یوسفی، ح.، ع.، و محمودی، م.، (1380)، "بررسی شاخصهای آلودگی بیولوژیکی در منابع آب آشامیدنی شهرستان مبارکه"، مجموعه مقالات چهارمین همایش بهداشت محیط یزد، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد، 681-689.
5
رکنی، ن.، (1378)، اصول سلامت مواد غذایی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
6
زازولی، م.، و بذرافشان، ا.، (1388)، فناوری آب و فاضلاب، انتشارات سمت، تهران، ایران.
7
صفوی، م.، قائم مقامی، ا.، امینزاده، م.، علوی، ک.، و طاهری، س. (1384)، "بررسی تاثیر بیلپرون بر کاهش کلنیهای تعدادی از باکتریهای محیطی آلودهکننده مجاری آب یونیتهای دندانپزشکی"، مجله دندانپزشکی جامعه اسلامی دندانپزشکان، 17(4)، 76-84.
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Boe-Hansen, R., Martiny, A.C., Arvin, E., and Albrechtsen, H.J., (2003), “Monitoring biofilm formation and activity in drinking water distribution networks under oligotrophic conditions”, Water Science and Technology, 47(5), 91-97.
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Bomo, A.M., Storey, M.V., and Ashbolt, N.J., (2004), “Detection, integration and persistence of aeromonads in water distribution pipe biofilms”, Journal of Water and Health, 2(2), 83-96.
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Characklis, W.G., McFeters, G.A., and Marshall, K.C., (1990), “Physiological ecology in biofilm systems”, In: Biofilms, W.G. Characklis, W.G., and Marshall K.C. (eds.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, 341-394.
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45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Survey of Physical, Chemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water in Ahvaz Compared to the Drinking Water Standards in Year 2016-2017
The physical, chemical and microbial properties of water are the criteria to consider it as drinking water quality. Unfavorable changes in such parameters may threat consumers' health. The aim of this study is to give a clear view of physical , chemical and microbial quality of distribution network drinking water in Ahvaz and compare with national and WHO standards. This study was a cross- sectional survey based on 48-week sampling program in No.1 , 2,3,4and 5 Ahwaz water treatment plants were conducted and six points of water distribution networks.Water of analyses were done according to standard methods. 9 tubeof fermentation method was used to determine fecal and total coliform bacteria. The mean values of measured parameters were as follow: electrical conductivity 2282.5 μs/cm, turbidity 2.3 NTU, pH 7.8, alkalinity 144.8 and hardness 535.5 mg/L as CaCO3, calcium 137.2, magnesium 46.3 , chloride 473.2, sodium 311.2, residual chlorine 1, TDS 1382.7, fluoride 0.53, nitrate 6.7 and sulphate 370.2 mg/L. Total coliform (0), fecal coliform (0) MPN/100 ml. Quality of water from Drinking Water in Ahvaz was not problematical from health point of view. Except EC, hardness , sodium and sulphate all cited results met the national and WHO standards.
https://www.jwwse.ir/article_60596_a5a4fa6aa0affa333cae70bd29818e68.pdf
2017-09-23
51
60
10.22112/jwwse.2018.101606.1046
Drinking Water
physiccal
chemical
Standard 1053
WHO
ferdos
karimi
karimi_ferdos@yahoo.com
1
Master of Science in civil Engineering, Managing director of Ahvaz Water and Wastewater company , Ahvaz, Iran.
AUTHOR
naghmeh
orooji
n.oroji2007@gmail.com
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran. (n.oroji2007@gmail.com )
AUTHOR
afshin
takdastan
afshin_ir@yahoo.com
3
Associat Professor Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
اصل هاشمی، ا.، مرادزاده، ا.، و احمدیان، س.، (1392)، "مطالعه آب آشامیدنی شهرستان هریس در فاصله زمانی 1385-1390"، شانزدهمین کنفرانس ملی سلامت محیط زیست، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
1
امین، م.م.، پورصفا، پ.، همامی، ف.، و خادمی کیا، س.، (1392)، "ارتباط بین نیترات، نیتریت و TOC در آب و بیماریهای دستگاه گوارش"، شانزدهمین کنفرانس ملی سلامت محیط زیست، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
2
بصیر، ل.، خانه مسجدی، م.، حقیقی، م.، و نعمتی اصل، س.، (1385)، " بررسی رابطه بین فلوروسیس و شیوع DMFT با غلظت فلوراید در آب آشامیدنی خوزستان در کودکان 10 تا 12 ساله در سال 1381"، نشریه دندانپزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، 24، 14-23.
3
جعفرزاده، ن.، مراقی، ش.، مرعشی، شَ.، و موید، پ.، (1386)، "بررسی کیفیت باکتریولوژیکی، شیمیایی و فیزیکی حوضچههای تصفیه خانه آب اهواز"، نشریه علوم پزشکی جندی شاپور، 6(2)، 227-234.
4
زاهدی کولاکی، ا.، (1383)، "تاثیر خشکسالی بر کمیت و کیفیت آب در شهر بوشهر"، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده علوم زمین، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
5
مسافری، م.، و اجلالی، ا.، (1392)، "مطالعه کیفیت فیزیکی و شیمیایی آّ آشامیدنی آذربایجان غربی"، شانزدهمین کنفرانس ملی سلامت محیط زیست، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
6
موسسه ملی استاندارد ایران، (1388)، ویژگیهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی آب آشامیدنی، شماره 1053، تهران، ایران.
7
Akoto, O., and Adiyiah, J., (2007), “Chemical analysis of drinking water from some communities in the Brong Ahafo region”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(2), 211-214 .
8
APHA, (2005), “Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water”, 21st Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., USA.
9
EPA, (2004), “Edition of the drinking water standards and health advisories”, EPA822-R-04-005, Office of Water Protection Agency, Washington D.C.
10
Guo, H., and Wang, Y., (2004), “Hydrogeochemical processes in shallow quaternary aquifers from the northern part of the Datong Basin", Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry, 19, 19-27.
11
Gyamfi, E.T., Ackah, M., Anim, A.K., Hanson, J.K., Kpattah, L., Enti-Brown, S., Adjei-Kyereme, Y., and Nyarko, E.S., (2012), “Chemical analysis of potable water samples from selected suburbs of Accra, Ghana”, Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2(2), 118-127.
12
Malakotian, M., and Momeni, J., (2013), “Quality survery of drinking water in Bardsir, Iran 2009-2010”, Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 11(4), 403-410.
13
Mohemmad Rafi, K., Rmachar, T., and Umamahesh, M., (2011), “A study on chemical analysis of drinking water from some communities in Nandyal rural areas of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India”, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, 2(1).
14
Ebrahim, N., Kershi, R.M., Saif, B.N., and Rastrelli, L., (2013), “Physico-chemical analysis of drinking water from Maoh (Zafar) village, Yemen”, World Applied Sciences Journal, 26(2), 244-247.
15
Nasrolahi Omran, A., Bay, A., Pourshamsian, Kh., Karimi, Kh., Hashemi, M., and Maghsoodloo, B., (2011), “Study of physical, chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water in Gorgan in 2010”, Journal of MedicalLaboratory, 5(1), 13-17.
16
Radmanesh, F., Zarei, H., and Salari, M., (2013), “Water quality index and suitability of water of Gotvand basin at district Khuzestan, Iran”, International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(4), 707-713.
17
Rajaei, G., Mehdinejad, M.H., and Hesari Motlagh, S., (2012), “A Survey of Chemical Quality of Rural Drinking Water of Birjand and Qaen Plains, Iran”, Journal of Health Systems Research, 7(6), 18-26.
18
Rezaei Kalantary, R., Azari, A., Ahmadi, E., and Ahmadi Jebelli, M., (2013), “Quality evaluation and stability index determination of Qom rural drinking water resources”, Journal of Health in the Field, 1(3), 9-16.
19
Sadeghi, H., and Rouholahi, S., (2007), “Study of Ardabil drinking water physicochemical parameters”, Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (JAUMS), 7(1), 52-56.
20
Hanjra, M.A., and Qureshi, M.E., (2010), “Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate”, Journal af Food Policy, 35(5), 365-377.
21
Smken, B., Ozdemir, M., Yavuz, H., and Pamuk, S., (2006), “The microbiological quality and residual nitrate/nitrite level in Turkish sasuage (soudjouck) produced in Afyon Province, Turkey”, Journal of Food Control, 17(11), 923-928.
22
World Health Organization, (2009), Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water, Geneva.
23
World Health Organization, (2005), Nutrients in drinking water, Geneva.
24
World Health Organization, (2011), Guidelines for drinking water quality, Vol. 1: Recommendations, 4th Edition, Geneva.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effect of Interaction between Qanat and Water Distribution in Naser-Khosro Street
In this paper which is written as an experience acquired from one of the experts in water and wastewater industry, interaction between qanats and municipal water network has been investigated. The recorded experience is about problems seen in Naser-Khosrow street in Tehran during year 1997. After representing the experience and reviewing the case, major difficulties of current qanats located in urban areas together with suggestions to reduce occurrence or effects of this problem is presented. This article can be useful for experts and authorities in urban and rural water and wastewater companies, regional water companies and also consulting engineers and contractors.
https://www.jwwse.ir/article_60597_fc5dc25e38f49119f72c79b6c93662de.pdf
2017-09-23
61
65
experience
Municipal water network
Qanat
مالکی، ا.، و خورسندی آقایی، ا.، (1384)، قنات در ایران: مطالعه موردی قنوات شهر تهران، چاپ اول، انتشارات شرکت پردازش (وابسته به شهرداری تهران).
1